Study of the Economic Efficiency of the Patterns of Raising and Distributing Groundwater in the New Lands in Egypt

The research aimed to identify the patterns of raising and distributing shallow groundwater in the New Valley Governorate, As well as to identify the investment costs structure and the structure of operating costs and annual maintenance of a well to raise groundwater is shallow, Thus, the research aims to estimate the actual costs of raising a cubic meter of groundwater, In addition to studying the impact of the use of irrigation systems on the costs items of acre production and on the most important productive and economic indicators and the use of irrigation water for the study crops, Finally, the research aims to identify the indicators of the efficiency of the use of the water resource for the study crops according to the patterns of raising and distributing groundwater, This is based on field data for a sample of farmers of wheat and tomatoes winter in the New Valley Governorate.
The results showed that the total actual costs in the case of using electricity and depth pumps exceed those in the case of using diesel and transmission belts about 22.5%, which is arranged in the light of the stability of the annual disposition of irrigation water for two patterns that became the cost of raising per cubic meter of irrigation water about 13.7 and 16.8 piasters for the two types of power source, and this means that the pattern of using diesel and transmission belts is more efficient than the same in the case of electricity and deep pumps.                                 
And by studying the impact of the use of irrigation systems on the cost items of acre production of wheat and tomatoes winter in the New Valley Governorate showing that the cost of irrigation in the case of using electricity and deep pumps for these crops is higher than in the case of using diesel and transmission belts by about 22.6%, this is due to the high cost of raising the cubic meter in the case of electricity compared to its counterpart in the case of diesel, It is also clear that the cost of irrigation in the case of drip irrigation is less than that in the case of surface irrigation for those two crops by about 32% and 19%, respectively. This is due to the different water rates per acre according to the irrigation system.                   
By studying the indicators of the efficiency of irrigation water use for the study crops, the results showed that drip irrigation is more efficient than surface irrigation, as well as the use of diesel and transmission belts more efficient than in the case of the use of electricity and pumps depths, accordingly, the indicators of the efficiency of irrigation water use increased to reach their maximum in the case of drip irrigation and the use of diesel and transmission belts, It decreased to reach the lowest in the case of surface irrigation and the use of electricity and deep pumps.                  
The research recommends expanding the cultivation of wheat and winter tomatoes under the surface-well (drip) irrigation system, as it gives the highest productivity per acre as well as the highest production efficiency per unit of water, Increasing indicative programs with the aim of optimal use of the process of raising groundwater from wells, which is called safe withdrawal of wells, in order to maintain the life span of wells, which is reflected in the rationalization of the use of this water and its abundance, as well as energy savings (diesel - electricity), and work to deploy service stations and maintenance of operating motors and lift pumps, which will have an impact on increasing operating efficiency and lowering costs, And the state’s support for surface well farmers by providing soft loans and subsidizing electricity to increase agricultural production.