ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparative Toxicity of Four Formulations of Commercially Used Control Agents to The Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium Castaneum (Herbst) Under Laboratory Conditions
Four formulations of commercially used control agents were tested under laboratory conditions on adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. The bioassays were carried out on wheat grains, at 25 ± 1°C and 70 ± 5% RH. Compounds were applied at the dose rates of 250, 500, 750 and 1000mg/L for Fenvalerate, 2500, 5000,10000 and 20000 mg/L for Biofly, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L for Neem and 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/L for Diazinon. Adult mortality was assessed everyday for 10 days and LC50, LC95, LT50and LT95were calculated. Mortality was 100% on wheat treated with 1000 mg/L of Fenvalerate, and 50, 75 and 100 mg/L of diazinon 10 days after exposure. Diazinon was the most effective against T. castaneum followed by Neem, Fenvalerate and then Biofly, where the recorded LC50values were 46.25, 78.30, 271.12 and 3.05x104mg/L after 4, 8, 7 and 6 days of exposure, respectively. Generally , for all tested compounds, the LT50values decreased as concentrations increased and Diazinon provided the shorter exposure time required for mortality. In conclusion, the biological method would not be as efficient as chemicals. However, the use of an effective plant extracts such as Neem on the stored grains would decrease the frequency with which insecticide was required. Thus, potentially remaining suitable pest control with a reduction in chemical residue. The present results encourage the use of Neem in control of stored product pests such as T. castaneum as alternative for synthetic insecticides or as a part in the integrated pest management programms.
https://asejaiqjsae.journals.ekb.eg/article_3188_1550f3167bce46033ccd8978ec7d9f6b.pdf
2008-09-30
99
108
10.21608/asejaiqjsae.2008.3188
Mohammed
A. Al-Deghairi
1
Plant Production & Protection Dept., College of Agric. & Vet. Medicine, P.O. Box 6622, Qassim University, Buraidah, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Sorption of Zinc on Some Clay Soils in Malaysia
Six soil samples represent the major soil series used for agricultural production such as Rubber, oil palm, cocoa and rice in Malaysia were sampled to study the adsorption capacity of zinc which consider as an environmental harmful metal. The objectives of this study were to report experimental results on adsorption of Zn and to determine the adsorption mechanism of these soils using different models. After soil characterization, sorption isotherms were prepared using the six different soils and initial zn concentrations ranged from 5 to 100 mg L-1. The soils show different retention capacity. The highest sorption capacity was found in Melangit soil. Because of the presence of calcite and high pH, the precipitation of zinc was the dominate factor. Where the high Zn adsorption in Kundor soil attributed to the characterization of the soil. The high CEC and the clay content were the main factors. Zn adsorption isotherms corresponding to all soils adjusted to Langmuir and Freundlich empirical models. Results showed that Freundlich equation has highest value of correlation coefficient (r2) comparison to Langmuir equations and that all soils have high affinity for Zn sorption. Therefore the main factors controlling the adsorption of Zn in these alluvial soil are precipitation and ionic adsorption.
https://asejaiqjsae.journals.ekb.eg/article_3189_1e16942b47fbe57d50d49935f6469e31.pdf
2008-09-30
109
115
10.21608/asejaiqjsae.2008.3189
Keyword: Zn
Adsorption
Langmuir
Freundlich
calcite
Ibrahim
A. Al-Hawas
ihawas@yahoo.com
1
KFU college of agriculture, Dept. of Environmental and natural resources P.O.Box 420 alhassa 31982 Saudi Arabia
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Impact of Different Furrow Spacing and Wetting Depths on Sunflower Production and Main Water Relations
Field experiments were conducted at Sakha Agric. Res. Station in the two successive seasons 2006 and 2007, to study the effect of different furrow- spacing and furrow wetting depths on yield and some water relations of sunflower. Three furrow spacing (i) Wide-spaced furrow (90cm apart) WSF, ii) alternate wide-spaced furrow with every-furrow (60cm apart) WSF/EF and iii) every-furrow EF, in the main plots, in the used split plot design. The sub main plots were irrigation to a wetting depths 30, 45 and 60cm. The result showed that there were highly significant differences in the seed yield, seed weight/head, head numbers/m2 and head diameter with various furrow spacing and wetting depths, in both seasons. Sunflower seed yield under WSF and WSF/EF were higher than EF by 35.09 and 14.92 % in the first season and 32.39 and 13.69 % in the second season. Also, the mean values of seed yield were 1037.3, 908.2 and 697.4 Kg/fed. in the first season and 1151.1, 1007.08 and 781.4 Kg/fed. in the second season, for 30, 45 and 60 cm wetting depths, respectively. The highest seeds yield was produced from interaction between wide spaced furrow and irrigation at a wetting depth of 30cm. Wide spaced furrows and application of water to a wetting depth of 30cm received the lowest amount of irrigation water. The highest values of field and crop water use efficiencies were achieved from interaction between wide spaced furrows and irrigation at a wetting depth of 30cm, while the lowest values were recorded from combination between every furrows and irrigation to a wetting depth of 60cm in both seasons. The highest value of water application efficiency was found with wide spaced furrows. At the same time the water application efficiency was decreased with increasing the wetting depth.Wide-spaced furrows and wide-spaced furrows alternate with every-furrows saved irrigation water by 4.40 and 1.19% in the first season and 8.33 and 5.99% in the second season, respectively compared to every-furrows. Irrigation to a wetting depth of 30 cm saved irrigation water by 15.24 and 14.66 % compared to a wetting depth of 60 cm in the first and second seasons, respectively. Also, 45cm wetting depth saved 13.55 and 7.50 % compared to 60 cm wetting depth in the first and second seasons, respectively.
https://asejaiqjsae.journals.ekb.eg/article_3191_34e5e761d91f27245e52485f86cc4455.pdf
2008-09-30
116
122
10.21608/asejaiqjsae.2008.3191
Keywords: Irrigation
Furrow spacing
Wetting depth
Sunflower
water relations
M. A.
Abd El-Aziz
1
Soils, Water and Environment Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center Egypt.
AUTHOR
M.M.
Ragab
2
Soils, Water and Environment Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center Egypt.
AUTHOR
A.S.
Antar
3
Soils, Water and Environment Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center Egypt.
AUTHOR
S. M.
El-Barbary
4
Soils, Water and Environment Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center Egypt.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparative Toxicity Study between Some Organophosphorus and Abamectin Insecticides Using Earthworm (Lumbricus Terrestirs) as A Biomarker
Organophosphorus insecticides are widely used in industry, agriculture, horticulture, domestic, and for public health applications. The consumption of insecticides in the household has almost risen exponentially. Over this half century there has been a significant increase in developmental disorders observed in humans which are thought to have an association with the exposure to pesticides in home environment causing family stress. In addition, abamectin as biocide is recently used as an insecticide. Very little information is available with regard to the sub-lethal effects of abamectin; therefore, the purpose of this work is to compare the toxicity of abamectin as a biocide with malathion and dimethoate as organophosphorus insecticides using the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestirs) as a biomarker. The earthworm was exposed to the tested compound in artificial soil for 7 days. The LC50 of these insecticides was determined. The effects of two concentrations (LC50 & LC25) of these insecticides were studied on the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), acid and alkaline phosphatases (AcP & AlP), and the levels of the two neurotransmitters; gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) and L-glutamic acid. The data showed that the LC50 of abamectin, dimethoate and malathion was 2.99, 13.7, and 39.69 mg/ kg, respectively. This means that abamectin was the most toxic, while malathion was the least toxic. Both LC50 & LC25 concentrations of dimethoate and malathion had significant inhibitory effect on the AChE activity, while abamectin had significant excitatory effects. AcP and AlP activities were significantly increased with the LC50 and LC25 of all the tested insecticides. GST induction activity was significant by the treatment of dimethoate and malathion, while there was significant decrease after treatment with LC50 of abamectin. But there was a non-significant difference with LC25 of abamectin. The lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of the tested insecticides caused a significant induction in GABA and L-glutamic acid concentrations. The data showed that abamectin has the highest effect on the concentration of GABA and L-glutamic acid while dimethoate had the lowest effect. From these results, it could be concluded that abamectin had toxic effect compared to the tested organophosphorus insecticides, also the earthworm can be considered a good sensitive biomarker to test the toxicity of different compounds.
https://asejaiqjsae.journals.ekb.eg/article_3192_656910f48eeda134ac2129cf04e50cb8.pdf
2008-09-30
123
129
10.21608/asejaiqjsae.2008.3192
household insecticides
malathion
dimethoate
abamectin, earthworm Abbreviations: AChE, acetylcholinesterase
GST, glutathione-S-transferase
GABA, gamma amino butyric acid
AcP, acid phosphatases
AlP, alkaline phosphatases
LC50, lethal concentration
CNS, Central Nervous System
A.
Kenawy
1
Mammalian Toxicology Division, Central Agricultural Pesticides Lab .(CAPL), ARC, Ministry of Agriculture, Sabahia, Alexandria.Egypt.
AUTHOR
M.
Sharaf
2
Department of home economics, Faculty of Specific Education, Alexandria University, Egypt.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparison between Some Processed Dried Soup Products
Soup has been widely consumed in the diet due to their flavour and palatable taste. Three blends of dried soup were processed from only chicken meat (blend A), mixture of chicken meat and mushroom (blend B) and mushroom only (blendC) and stored for 6 months at room temperature. The processed soups were compared with to commercial soup widely available in the local market. There were generally significant differences in proximate composition between processed blends and commercial soup. The results indicated that processed blends had the highest content of peroxide and TBA values. TPC, moulds and yeasts contents were increased by increasing the storage period. Blends (A) and (C) had higher essential amino acids comparing with blend (B). While, blend (c) had the highest oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids.
https://asejaiqjsae.journals.ekb.eg/article_3193_6a8504b4298972e3b11a6ee408803c6e.pdf
2008-09-30
130
144
10.21608/asejaiqjsae.2008.3193
soup-processed soup-stock soup-commercial dried soup
chicken soup-mushroom soup
Samiha
M.El-Sayed
1
Food Science and Technology Dept., Faculty of Home Economics Tanta, Al-Azhar Univ.,Egypt
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Earthworm’s Acetylcholinesterase as Biomarker to Monitor the Effects of Pesticides
The effect of three insecticides; methomyl (carbamate), dimethoate and malathion (organophosphates) and one cupper-containing fungicide (Cupper hydroxide) was evaluated in vivo on acetylcolinesterease (AChE) isolated from earthworm Lumbricus terrestirs to achieve a better understanding of AChE responses to agrochemicals in L. terrestirs. Three values of median lethal concentrations of the four compounds were determined from the acute toxicity (0.1, 0.5 of LC50 and the LC50). The three insecticides at the three levels of LC50 inhibited AChE activity and the inhibition was dose dependent. Methomyl at LC50 level had the highest AChE inhibition (98.9%) after 7 days of exposure to contaminated soil. Cupper hydroxide which contains cupper element showed induction of AChE activity at the three levels of LC50s. The maximal induction was at 0.5 of LC50 (27.7% followed with 0.1 (20.3%) and the value of LC50 (6.8%) compared with control. Our results further support the use of AChE as an indicator of pesticide contamination, to be included in a battery of biomarkers for monitoring soil toxicity.
https://asejaiqjsae.journals.ekb.eg/article_3194_bd195c309f6b5e1d30af93f9bcf5e3a6.pdf
2008-09-30
145
151
10.21608/asejaiqjsae.2008.3194
Abdel Rahaman
S.M.
1
Central Pesticides Laboratory, Sabahia Station Alexandria, Egypt
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Histopathological Studies on the Effect of 4-Tert- Octylphenol on the Neonatals from Treated Pregnant Female Rats after Their Delivery and Maturation
The present study was under taken to examine the effect of 4-tert- Octylphenol (40mg/kg and 80 mg/kg) on female rat from the first day post natal until weaning. At the lower dose (40 mg/kg), the histological study of liver of embryos showed expanded of blood vessels and rupture of epithelial layer of portal veins while the higher dose (80 mg/kg ) led disordered liver architecture represented by disassociation of hepatocytes which filled by fat vacuoles with extracellular fat infiltration. Also, the lower dose resulted in separation in the lining epithelium of proximal tubules of kidney with decayed parietal and visceral epithelium of glomerulus, while the second dose induced serious effect in proximal and distal convoluted tubules in beside the collecting tubules. This dose also affected glomerules found in the cortex that appeared smaller in size than the medulla. On the other hand, at maturity, the exposure to low dose of octylphenol led to proliferation of the lining and secretory epithelium of the uterus and a reduction in the number of the uterine glands. Whereas, exposure to high dose resulted in complete absence of the corpus luteum and different stages of ovulation. Mating between mature females treated with high dose of octylphenol during the lactation and normal males, led to pregnancy failure, while low dose reduced the number and weight of embryos dramatically. These results indicated that exposure to octylphenol from post natal to weaning caused histological alterations in liver, kidney, uterus and ovary in female rat and consequently affected on their fertility.
https://asejaiqjsae.journals.ekb.eg/article_3195_411186a0c4c346093f617e03efa7279a.pdf
2008-09-30
152
167
10.21608/asejaiqjsae.2008.3195
KEY WORDS: Octylphenol
rat-liver-kidney-ovary-uterus-lactation-weaning-post natal- high dose- low dose
Samira
Omar Abu Baker
1
Dept. Of Zoology, Girl’s College of Science, University of King Abdul Aziz,Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Toxicological and Biochemical Effects of Four Bioactive Secondary Plant Metabolites Isolated from Simmondsia Chinensis (Link) and Artemisia judaica L. on White Albino Rats
Four pesticidal botanicals were isolated (two from, Simmondsia chinensisand two fromArtemisia judaica) and identified as simmondsin, simmondsin 2`ferulate, piperitone and trans-ethyl cinnamate, respectively. Oral administration of single doses each of 250 or 500 mg/kg from each compound did not show any signs of toxicity or mortality to male albino rats after two days of treatment. The in vivo effects of these compounds on activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) in the serum of treated rats and concentrations of testosterone, follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) and triiodothyronine hormone (T3) were evaluated. Simmondsin 2´-ferulate displayed significant decrease in the activity of ALP enzymes at the two tested doses. Simmondsin caused decrease in the activity of the enzymes at 250 mg/kg and increase in the enzymes activity at 500 mg/kg. Piperitone and trans-ethyl cinnamate increased the activity of the enzymes at two tested doses. The tested compounds showed no significant effect on the activity of GGT except for trans-ethyl cinnamate at 500 mg/kg. Simmondsin and simmondsin 2´-ferulate displayed significant decrease in the activity of both LDH and CPK, while piperitone and trans-ethyl cinnamate caused increase in the activity of these enzymes. The tested compounds lowered the concentration of FSH. Simmondsin and simmondsin 2´-ferulate decreased the concentration of T3 and testosterone. Piperitone and trans-ethyl cinnamate increased the concentration of these enzymes.
https://asejaiqjsae.journals.ekb.eg/article_3196_80674dab7248a7edeb727109b2b7a07f.pdf
2008-09-30
168
174
10.21608/asejaiqjsae.2008.3196
Biochemical effects
simmondsin
simmondsin 2`ferulate
piperitone
trans-ethyl cinnamate
white albino rats
Enzymes
Hormones
Moustafa
A. Abbassy
1
Department of Pest Control and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agricultur(Damanhour),Alexandria University,Damanhour, Egypt
AUTHOR
Samir
Abdelazim
samir1969us@yahoo.com
2
2Department of Pesticide Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, 21545-El-Shatby, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt *Correspondence author. Fax: +20-3-592-0067; Tel.: +20-3-584-7175.
AUTHOR
Abdel-Salam
H. Belal
3
Department of Pest Control and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agricultur(Damanhour),Alexandria University,Damanhour, Egypt
AUTHOR
Mona
A. Abdel Rasoul
4
Department of Pest Control and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agricultur(Damanhour),Alexandria University,Damanhour, Egypt
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Combined Effects of Farmyard Manure (FYM) and Elemental Sulfur (S)on Soil Chemical Properties, Growth, Yield, Leaf Water and Nutrient Contents of Corn Plant Grown on Sandy Clay Loam Soil
A field experiment was conducted in the Agricultural and Veterinary Training and Research Station of King Faisal University (KFU), Al-Hassa region during 2006 growing season of corn (Zea mays, L.). The objective of this work was to investigate the combined ffect of farmyard manure (FYM) and elemental sulfur (S) on soil chemical characteristics, growth, yield, and leaf water and nutrients contents of corn. The experimental soil has a sandy clay loam texture. All plots (17.5 m²) cultivated with corn received 78.5 kg N/ha in the form of ammonium nitrate (33.5% N), 150.0 kg K2O/ha in the form of potassium sulfate (48% K2O) and 88.0 kg P/ha in the form of calcium-superphosphate (15.5% P2O5). Farmyard manure was applied to the soil at rates of 0, 14.0, 28.0 and 56.0 ton/ha and elemental sulfur (S) at rates of 0, 360, 720 and 1440 kg/ha. The farmyard manure and elemental sulfur were mixed with the 30 cm top layer of the soil before planting. The obtained results revealed that applications of both FYM and elemental sulfur significantly altered the chemical properties of soil. The electrical conductivity (EC) was significantly increased, while the soil pH and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) were decreased as a result of FYM and S applications. Also, the results showed a significant effect of FYM and S in improving the available soil nutrients (N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) in which significantly increased with FYM and S applications at all rates. The results also showed that plant fresh weight significantly increased as a result of both FYM and S applications. Also, FYM and S applications, especially at highest levels had significant effects on increasing the grain yield and its components (weight of 100 kernels and grain protein content). Grain yield increased by about 5.34 and 6.20% over the control treatment, respectively. Leaf water contents were improved as a result of FYM and S applications. In the same time leaf total chlorophyll content was significantly increased. Applications of FYM and S significantly improved the leaf contents of macro- and micro-elements.
https://asejaiqjsae.journals.ekb.eg/article_3197_d081d7fcd2926b264141a0381cdea5eb.pdf
2008-09-30
175
185
10.21608/asejaiqjsae.2008.3197
A.H.A.
Hussein
ahahmed_61@yahoo.com
1
Water Studies Center, King Faisal University P.O.Box 420 - Al-Hassa 31982, Saudi Arabia
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Preparation and Evaluation of Some Citrus Wastes to Use in Preparing Functional Foods
Proximate composition, functional properties, and some bioactive components such as polyphenols, ß-carotene and dietary fibers of free seed wastes of orange, grapefruit and mandarin juice extraction were determined. The effect of steaming, water blanching and drying processes of the mixture of the above wastes on the previous properties and compounds was also examined. Polyphenols, ß-carotene, ether extract, nitrogen free extract, bulk density and emulsifying capacity were decreased, while dietary fiber, crude fiber, ash and water, oil holding capacities of the citrus free seed wastes mixture were increased after treating with steaming or water blanching before drying. Meanwhile crude protein and pH of such wastes mixture were increased after steaming and decreased after water blanching. Due to it's good functional properties and considerable levels of the bioactive components, 2% of the previous wastes mixture were added during preparing beef burger. The panelists showed a good acceptable of the sensory properties of this product.
https://asejaiqjsae.journals.ekb.eg/article_3198_77e2c965580ebd7f7e7b7d5783e412bc.pdf
2008-09-30
186
194
10.21608/asejaiqjsae.2008.3198
Wafaa
A. Amin
1
Hort. Crop. Processing Res. Dept., Food Technol. Res. Inst. A.R.C., El-Sabahia, Alex. Egypt
AUTHOR
Samia
A .Keshk
2
Meat and Fish Technol. Res. Dept., Food Technology Res. Inst. A.R.C., El-Sabahia, Alex. Egypt
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Comparative Study of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and Phosphate Fertilizer Effects on Growth, Yield and Mineral Contents of Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.)
Two field experiments were conducted at EL-Mahmodia region, (Behera Governorate) Egypt, to assess the influence of applying four different fertilization levels of mineral phosphourous (0, 30, 60 and 90 Kg P fed- 1. ) in addition to seed inoculation with phosphorous solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus megaterium; cited as a commercial product phosphorein from Agriculture Research Center), and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus macrocarpium) on the growth and flowering traits, green pod yield and its components and leaves contents of N , P and K of bronco cultivar of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. "Bronco . The results showed that mycorrhiza and phosphorein had similar effects on vegetative growth characters and flowering traits; meanwhile, mycorrhiza gave a higher yield fed-1 than the inoculation with phosphorein in both seasons.On the other hand fertilizing common bean plants with inorganic phosphorus at the rates of 30, 60 and 90 kg P2O5 fed-1, significantly, increased most of vegetative growth characters, number of flowers plant-1 , fruit set percentage , green pods yield and N and P contents of leaves; compared to the control treatment in both seasons. The highest two phosphorus levels (60 and 90 kg P2O5 fed-1) were remarkable and associated with the highest mean values in this concern, whereas, the differences between them were insignificant. Most of the interaction effects of biofertilizer types and mineral phosphorus levels on the various studied characters were found significant in both seasons. The combined treatments of mycorrhiza and 60 kg P2O5 fed-1, was considered the best treatment combinations, and gave the highest mean value of green pods yield in both seasons.
https://asejaiqjsae.journals.ekb.eg/article_3199_16c2380defc2c7d0874e6d06bd661cbd.pdf
2008-09-30
195
207
10.21608/asejaiqjsae.2008.3199
Elkhatib
H.A., S.M. Gabr
1
Horticulture Dept.Faculty of Agriculture,Damanhour Branch Alex. Univ.
AUTHOR
S.M.
Gabr
2
Horticulture Dept.Faculty of Agriculture,Damanhour Branch Alex. Univ.
AUTHOR
F.I.
Radwan
3
agronomy Dept, Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha Alex. Univ.
AUTHOR
R.F.
Abo El-Ali
4
Ministry of Agriculture Alex.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Sensitivity of Rhizoctonia Solani to Selected Fungicides in Vitro
Four fungicides were tested in vitro for their effectiveness to inhibit the linear growth of four isolates of Rhizoctonia solani representing 2-anastomosis groups (AG4 and AG5). R. solani isolates were isolated from vegetable crops in Riyadh region. The isolates were exposed to range of concentrations of four fungicides (Bayfidan, Benlate, Rhizolex and Terraclor), in which they differed in their susceptibility to the selected fungicides. AG4 isolates were highly sensitive while, isolates of R. solani AG5 were less sensitive to the tested fungicides.
https://asejaiqjsae.journals.ekb.eg/article_158775_367bf976c6eb47e2d8ba29baf0324b93.pdf
2008-07-01
177
182
10.21608/asejaiqjsae.2008.158775
Thanatephorus cucumeris
fungicide
vegetables chemical control
Suleiman
M. AL-Shebel
1
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Traditional Cultures of Yoghurt Starter and the Probiotic Starter Cultures of Bifidobacterium on the Pathogenic Bacterium Salmonella
The study was conducted on three samples of yoghurt, the first produced by traditional starter cultures (Streptococcus and Lactobacillus), the second by Bifidobacterium Bb-12, and the third by Bifidobacterium Bb-46. Each sample was divided into two parts and each part inoculated with Salmonella at 1750 and 350 cells per gram and stored at 4 ± 1°C for 15 days to determine the effect on the viability of this pathogen. The pH of the samples, as well as their contents of lactic and acetic acids and the counts of Salmonella were determined. The pH of the yoghurt produced by the traditional cultures was found to be the lowest, followed by that of the yoghurt produced by Bifidobacterium Bb-12, and then the one produced by Bifidobacterium Bb-46. The yoghurt produced by Bifidobacterium contained more acetic acid, while the one produced by traditional cultures contained more lactic acid. Disk diffusion tests using permeate from yoghurt samples as antibiotic reveled that the
traditional culture was more inhibitory to Salmonella (clear zone diameter of 27 cm) than Bb-46 and Bb-12 (clear zones diameters of 22 and 23, respectively). The counts of Salmonella decreased in all samples during storage, with more inhibition found in the traditional cultures. Complete inhibition of all Salmonella cells occurred within 5 days in traditional yoghurt samples inoculated with 1750 cells per gram and within 7 days in samples inoculated with 3500 cells per gram. Salmonella in Bb-12 and Bb-46 samples inoculated with 1750 cells per gram was completely inhibited within 10 and 15 days of storage, respectively, while the samples inoculated with 3500 cells per gram contained some viable Salmonella cells after the 15 days storage period. The study showed that both types of yoghurt, traditional or probiotic, were inhibitory to Salmonella. Traditional yoghurt had higher inhibitory effect, followed by the Bb-12 and then the Bb-46 yoghurts. The inhibitory effects of these yoghurts result from their low pH and their high contents of the antimicrobial organic acids.
https://asejaiqjsae.journals.ekb.eg/article_158776_b78ae85962e63da371e16bb0d26a8f16.pdf
2008-07-01
183
190
10.21608/asejaiqjsae.2008.158776
Al-Otaibi
Mutlag M.
mutlag1@hotmail.com
1
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Rural Girls' Attitudes toward Holding Small Enterprises and Their Relation to Some Variables in Some Villages in Alexandria and Behaira Governorates
This research aimed to study rural girls' attitudes toward holding small enterprises and their relation to some variables. The study was carried out through achieving the following sub-goals:
1- Assess some personal and socio- economic characteristics of the respondents.
2- To define the respondents attitudes toward holding small enterprises.
3- To define the respondents, training needs in the field related to small enterprises.
4- Identify the obstacles related to holding small enterprises.
5- Study the related and affected relation between some independent variables and types of attitudes.
Data were collected by questionnaire through personal interviews with a random sample consisted of 200 rural girls from some villages in Alexandria and El-Behira Governorates. Alpha Chronbach factor, parson correlation, multiple regression models, frequencies and percentages were used in analyzing the data.
Data indicated the following:
1- High positive attitudes towards holding small enterprises were observed among most of respondents.
2- Most respondents want to be trained in some fields related to small enterprises.
3- The most important obstacles of holding small enterprises given by respondents were: lack of production materials, family refused, afraid of not being capable to pay back the loan's lack of markets, difficulties to getting ID cards, lack of essential construction elements and the environmental pollution.
4- There was positive significant relation between girl's education, urban-cultural openness, and aspiration problems industries practice level, kind of the desired job, family living standard and level of respondents' attitudes towards holding small enterprises.
5- According to Step-Wise multiple regression analysis kind of the desired job, aspiration level, industries practice rate and innovativeness together explained about 54.5% of variances in the level of respondents' attitudes.
https://asejaiqjsae.journals.ekb.eg/article_158777_04155237107733dc39bff72c7be1d78d.pdf
2008-07-01
191
205
10.21608/asejaiqjsae.2008.158777
Hayam
M.A. Hassieb
1
AUTHOR